1. Introduction to 3D Printing in Automotive
1.1. Automotive Segments that Benefit from 3D Printing
1.2. Relevant Automotive Segments in This Report
1.2.1. Automotive Manufacturing Segments
1.2.1.1. Passenger Vehicles (including Cars, SUVs, Vans, and Light Trucks)
1.2.1.2. Commercial Vehicles (including Buses, Heavy Trucks, and Delivery Vehicles)
1.2.1.3. Electric & Hybrid Vehicles (EVs, HEVs, and Hydrogen-powered Vehicles)
1.2.1.4. Motorsports & Performance Vehicles
1.3. Drivers for Additive Manufacturing Adoption in Automotive
1.3.1. Internal vs External Use of 3D Printing
1.4. Types of 3D Printed Parts Used in Automotive
1.4.1. Prototypes and Models
1.4.2. Tools, Jigs, and Fixtures
1.4.3. Final Production Parts (Low-Volume, Custom, and Mass Production Applications, Spare Parts, Digital Inventory, Obsolescence Management, and Restorations)
1.5. Analysis of Current AM Revenues in Automotive Product Industries
1.6. Ten-year Forecast of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Automotive Product Industries
1.7. Methodology
2. Hardware
2.1. Overview of polymer AM hardware
2.2. General evolutionary trends for polymer AM hardware
2.3. Vat Photopolymerization – VPP
2.3.1. Digital Light Processing stereolithography (DLP)
2.3.1.1. Description
2.3.1.2. LED/LCD stereolithography
2.3.1.3. Continuous DLP stereolithography / high-speed vat photopolymerization
2.3.2. Low Force Stereolithography (LFS) and PSLA
2.3.2.1. Formlabs LFS
2.3.2.2. 3D Systems PSLA
2.3.2.3. Axtra3D Hybrid PhotoSynthesis (HPS)
2.4. Material Extrusion – MEX
2.4.1. Filament extrusion
2.4.1.1. Fused Deposition Modeling
2.4.1.2. Fused filament fabrication
2.4.2. Pellet material extrusion
2.4.2.1. Large format additive manufacturing (LFAM)
2.4.2.2. Fused granular fabrication
2.4.3. Robotic extrusion
2.4.4. Pneumatic extrusion
2.5. Powder Bed Fusion
2.5.1. Laser PBF or selective laser sintering (SLS)
2.5.1.1. Key players and systems
2.5.2. Thermal PBF
2.6. Material Jetting (MJ)
2.6.1. Application-specific material jetting technologies
2.7. Other Notable Polymer AM Technologies
2.7.1. Voxeljet: Too big to miss PMMA binder jetting
2.7.2. Massivit GDP: A big one of a kind
2.8. Overview of metal AM hardware technologies
2.9. Metal PBF technologies
2.9.1. Metal PBF specific key evolutionary trends
2.9.2. Laser metal PBF (L-PBF or SLM)
2.9.2.1. Western Legacy L-PBF system manufacturers
2.9.2.2. Western New L-PBF system manufacturers (based on legacy companies)
2.9.2.3. Western New L-PBF system manufacturers
2.9.2.4. Eastern L-PBF systems manufacturers
2.9.3. EBM metal PBF (EB-PBF)
2.10. Metal DED Technologies
2.10.1. Metal DED-specific key evolutionary trends
2.10.2. Powder metal laser DED (L-DED)
2.10.3. Wire metal DED
2.10.3.1. Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)
2.11. Sinter-Based Technologies
2.11.1. Sinter-based technologies specific key evolutionary trends
2.11.2. Metal binder jetting (M-BJP)
2.11.3. Metal material jetting (MJ)
2.11.4. Bound metal material extrusion (MEX – bound)
2.11.4.1. Other notable hybrid bound metal extrusion processes
2.11.5. Bound metal stereolithography (VPP – bound)
2.11.6. Bound metal SLS (SLS – bound)
2.12. Consolidation Technologies
2.12.1. Consolidation technologies: specific key evolutionary trends
2.12.2. Kinetic consolidation (cold spray)
2.12.3. Key players and systems
2.13. Hardware Analysis & Forecasts
2.13.1. Hardware analysis 2024
Polymer & metal AM hardware units and revenues, 2023 vs 2024, by technology
2.13.2. Hardware forecasts 2024–2034
Polymer & metal AM hardware units and revenues, forecast by technology
3. Materials
3.1. Overview of available polymer AM materials
3.1.1. ABS
3.1.1.1. ABS filaments for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.1.2. ABS pellets for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.2. PLA
3.1.2.1. PLA filaments for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.2.2. PLA pellets for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.3. Nylon
3.1.3.1. Nylon filaments for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.3.2. Nylon pellets for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.4. PAEK (PEEK and PEKK)
3.1.4.1. PEEK and PEKK filaments for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.4.2. PEEK and PEKK pellets for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.5. PEI (ULTEM)
3.1.5.1. ULTEM filaments for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.5.2. ULTEM pellets for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.6. PET/PETG
3.1.6.1. PET/PETG filaments for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.6.2. PET/PETG pellets for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.7. Polypropylene
3.1.7.1. Polypropylene filaments for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.7.2. Polypropylene pellets for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.8. TPU/TPE and other elastomers for 3D printing
3.1.8.1. Elastomer pellets for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.9. Polycarbonate
3.1.9.1. PC filament for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.9.2. PC pellets for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.10. Polysulfones
3.1.10.1. PSU, PESU, PPSU filaments for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.10.2. PSU, PESU, PPSU pellets for extrusion 3D printing
3.1.11. Other relevant materials
3.1.11.1. ASA
3.1.11.2. Polystyrene and HIPS
3.1.11.3. Miscellaneous interesting products
3.2. Thermoplastic Powder Materials for PBF
3.2.1. Nylon for polymer PBF technologies
3.2.1.1. Nylon 12 for polymer L-PBF
3.2.1.2. Nylon 12 for polymer Thermal PBF (MJF, HSS)
3.2.1.3. Nylon 11 for polymer L-PBF
3.2.1.4. Nylon 11 for polymer Thermal PBF
3.2.1.5. Nylon 12 and nylon 11 composites for polymer PBF
3.2.1.6. Nylon 6, 66, 613 and other types of nylon for polymer PBF
3.2.2. Elastomers for polymer PBF technologies
3.2.3. Polypropylene for polymer PBF technologies
3.2.4. PAEK for polymer PBF technologies
3.2.5. Other notable polymers for PBF technologies
3.2.6. PMMA powder for binder jetting
3.3. Photopolymers
3.3.1. Photopolymers for stereolithography (SLA, DLP, LCD)
3.3.2. Modeling resins for prototyping
3.3.3. Castable resins
3.3.4. Tough and rigid materials (ABS-like, PP-like, PC-like, TPU-like, PEEK-like)
3.3.5. High-temperature and molding resins
3.3.6. Transparent resins
3.3.7. Flexible (TPU-like, rubber-like) resins
3.4. Thermosets
3.4.1. Thermoset polyurethane for automotive 3D printing
3.5. Metal Powders
3.5.1. Steel powders for AM
3.5.1.1. Stainless steels
3.5.1.2. Maraging Tool Steels
3.5.2. Titanium and titanium alloy powders for AM
3.5.2.1. Titanium and titanium alloys powder applications for AM
3.5.3. Aluminum alloy powders for AM
3.5.3.1. Binder jetting of aluminum alloys
3.5.3.2. Kinetic consolidation of aluminum and aluminum alloys
3.5.3.3. Aluminum alloy powder applications in AM
3.5.4. Nickel alloy powders for AM
3.5.4.1. Nickel superalloy powder applications in AM
3.5.5. Copper alloy powders for AM
3.5.5.1. Copper alloys powder applications in AM
3.5.6. Precious metals powders for AM
3.5.6.1. Precious metals powder applications in automotive AM
3.6. Metal Wire
3.6.1. Metal wire vs metal AM powder costs
3.6.2. Steel wire for AM
3.6.3. Titanium and titanium alloys wire for AM
3.6.4. Aluminum and aluminum alloys wire for AM
3.6.5. Nickel superalloys wire for AM
3.7. Bound Metal Products
3.7.1. Bound metal products for material extrusion
3.7.2. Bound paste metal products for material extrusion
3.7.3. Bound metal slurries for stereolithography
3.7.4. Bound metal powders for cold metal fusion
3.8. Material Analysis & Forecasts
3.8.1. Material analysis 2024
Includes: polymer & metal AM material volumes and revenues, 2023 vs 2024, by material form
3.8.2. Material forecasts 2024–2034
Includes: polymer & metal AM material volumes and revenues, forecast by material form
4. AM Services Supporting Automotive
4.1. Types of polymer AM service providers
4.1.1. Application-agnostic polymer AM service bureaus
4.1.2. Rapid prototyping polymer service providers offering production services
4.1.3. Small and medium specialized polymer AM service providers
4.1.4. Filament extrusion 3D printer farms
4.1.5. Large polymer AM services and AM factories
4.1.6. Polymer part and contract manufacturers providing AM parts and AM services
4.1.7. AM material manufacturers offering AM services
4.1.8. AM hardware providers offering AM production services
4.1.9. AM/3D printing service networks
4.2. Polymer AM Workflows
4.2.1. Design automation
4.2.2. Digital Twins and Digital Warehousing
4.2.2.1. The software side of storage
4.2.3. Material supply automation
4.2.4. Process automation
4.2.5. In-workflow build handling automation
4.2.6. Workflow management (MES)
4.2.7. Automating AM technologies
4.2.7.1. Material extrusion
4.2.7.2. Polymer powder bed fusion
4.2.7.3. Photopolymerization
4.2.8. Post-workflow part handling automation
4.2.9. Types of Post-Processing in Additive Manufacturing
4.2.10. Key innovators in AM Post Processing
4.3. Types of metal AM service providers
4.3.1. Design and prototyping services (1–3 metal AM systems)
4.3.2. Small and medium-size specialized metal AM service providers (3–10 metal AM systems)
4.3.3. Large metal AM service providers, AM factories and AM Networks (over 10 metal AM systems)
4.3.4. AM networks
4.3.5. Contract manufacturers
4.3.6. AM material manufacturers offering AM services
4.3.7. AM hardware providers
4.4. Metal AM Workflows
4.4.1. Metal AM software
4.4.1.1. CAD and DfAM
4.4.1.2. CAE and topology optimization
4.4.1.3. Simulation, FEA, ML/AI and process monitoring
4.4.1.4. CAM, MES (and post-processing)
4.4.1.5. Digital twin, security (IP protection) and PLM software
4.4.2. Metal AM workflow automation
4.4.3. Part inspection, NDT and metrology automation
4.4.4. HIP and thermal treatment
4.4.5. Sintering furnaces
4.4.6. Powder sieving and recycling
4.4.7. Support removal and cleaning
4.4.8. Finishing and polishing
4.5. Services Analysis & Forecasts
4.5.1. Services analysis 2024
Includes: polymer & metal AM service part volumes and revenues, 2023 vs 2024, by technology and by part type
4.5.2. Services forecasts 2024–2034
Includes: polymer & metal AM service part volumes and revenues, forecast by technology and by part type
5. Adopters
5.1. Major Trends for AM Adoption in Automotive
5.1.1. AM driving the EV revolution
5.1.2. AM in Formula 1
5.1.3. The Czinger – Divergent case
5.1.4. Chinese hardware OEM AM companies embracing automotive
5.1.5. Automotive Strategy by Leading 3D Printer OEMs
5.1.5.1. 3D Systems
5.1.5.2. HP
5.1.5.3. Desktop Metal
5.1.5.4. EOS (and Siemens)
5.1.5.5. Formlabs
5.1.5.6. Nikon SLM Solutions
5.1.5.7. Carbon
5.1.5.8. Additive Industries
5.1.5.9. Stratasys
5.1.5.10. AddUp
5.1.6. AM Strategy at Major Automakers
5.1.6.1. BMW
5.1.6.2. Daimler-Benz
5.1.6.3. Honda
5.1.6.4. Stellantis (FCA)
5.1.6.5. Ford
5.1.6.6. General Motors
5.1.6.7. JLR
5.1.6.8. Volkswagen (VW)
5.1.7. Exclusive VoxelMatters Case Studies from Major Automakers
5.1.7.1. Jaguar Land Rover
5.1.7.2. General Motors
5.1.7.3. Bugatti Rimac
5.1.7.4. Škoda
5.1.7.5. Audi
5.1.7.6. Cupra
5.1.8. Featured AM Case Studies from Major Automotive AM Part Suppliers and AM Service Providers
5.1.8.1. GKN
5.1.8.2. Sauber Engineering
5.1.8.3. Daimler Trucks & Buses
5.1.8.4. OECHSLER
5.1.8.5. CRP Technology
5.1.8.6. Airtech
5.1.8.7. Conflux
5.2. Adopters Analysis & Forecasts
5.2.1. Adopters analysis 2024
Includes: polymer & metal AM adopter part volumes and revenues, 2023 vs 2024, by material form and by part type
5.2.2. Adopters forecasts 2024–2034
Includes: polymer & metal AM adopter part volumes and revenues, forecast by material form and by part type
Figures
Chapter 1. Introduction to 3D Printing in Automotive
Figure 1. Internal vs External use of 3D printing for automotive manufacturing
Figure 2. Total revenues (Hardware, Materials, Services and Adopters) 2023 vs 2024
Figure 3. Ten-year forecast of total revenues (Hardware, Materials and Services and Adopters) 2024–2034
Chapter 2. Hardware
Polymer
Figure 4. Timeline for the introduction of polymer AM technologies
Figure 5. Map of major polymer AM technologies
Figure 6. Key players and systems in polymer VPP for automotive
Figure 7. Key players and systems in polymer MEX for automotive
Figure 8. Key players and systems in polymer PBF for automotive
Figure 9. Key players and systems in polymer material jetting for automotive
Metal
Figure 10. Major metal AM technologies
Figure 11. Key players and systems in metal PBF for automotive
Figure 12. Key players and systems in metal DED for automotive
Figure 13. Key players and systems in sinter-based AM for automotive
Figure 14. Key players and systems in consolidation AM for automotive
Analysis
Figure 15. Polymer and metal AM hardware units in automotive by technology 2023 vs 2024
Figure 16. Polymer and metal AM hardware revenue (USD M) in automotive by technology 2023 vs 2024
Figure 17. Polymer AM hardware in automotive by technology 2023 vs 2024
Figure 18. Metal AM hardware in automotive by technology 2023 vs 2024
Figure 19. Polymer AM hardware revenue (USD M) in automotive by technology 2023 vs 2024
Figure 20. Metal AM hardware revenue (USD M) in automotive by technology 2023 vs 2024
Forecasts
Figure 21. Polymer and metal AM hardware units in automotive by technology, forecast 2024–2034
Figure 22. Polymer and metal AM hardware revenue (USD M) in automotive by technology, forecast 2024–2034
Figure 23. Polymer AM hardware in automotive by technology, forecast 2024–2034
Figure 24. Metal AM hardware in automotive by technology, forecast 2024–2034
Figure 25. Polymer AM hardware revenue (USD M) in automotive by technology, forecast 2024–2034
Figure 26. Metal AM hardware revenue (USD M) in automotive by technology, forecast 2024–2034
Chapter 3. Materials
Polymer
Figure 27. ABS filament products
Figure 28. ABS pellet products
Figure 29. PLA filament products
Figure 30. PLA pellet products
Figure 31. Polyamide (nylon) filament products
Figure 32. Polyamide (nylon) pellet products
Figure 33. PEEK and PEKK filament products
Figure 34. PEEK and PEKK pellet products
Figure 35. ULTEM filament products
Figure 36. ULTEM pellets products
Figure 37. PET and PETG filament products
Figure 38. PET and PETG pellet products
Figure 39. Polypropylene filament products
Figure 40. Polypropylene pellet products
Figure 41. Elastomer filament products
Figure 42. Elastomer pellet products
Figure 43. Polycarbonate filament products
Figure 44. Polycarbonate pellet products
Figure 45. Polysulphones filament products
Figure 46. Polysulfones pellet products
Figure 47. Nylon 12 and nylon 11 composite powder products for PBF
Figure 48. Elastomer powder products for PBF
Figure 49. Polypropylene powder products for PBF
Figure 50. PAEK powder products for PBF
Figure 51. Other relevant powder products for PBF
Figure 52. Modeling resins for vat photopolymerization
Figure 53. Castable resins for vat photopolymerization
Figure 54. First party tough, rigid and durable resins for vat photopolymerization
Figure 55. Third party tough, rigid and durable resins for vat photopolymerization
Figure 56. First-party high-temperature resins for vat photopolymerization
Figure 57. Third-party high-temperature and dielectric resins for vat photopolymerization
Figure 58. Transparent resins for vat photopolymerization
Figure 59. Flexible resins for vat photopolymerization
Figure 60. Polyurethane products for material extrusion
Metal
Figure 61. Steel alloy powder products for AM
Figure 62. Titanium alloy powder products for AM
Figure 63. Aluminum alloy powder products for AM
Figure 64. Nickel superalloy powder products for AM
Figure 65. Copper alloy powder products for AM
Figure 66. Metal wire products qualified for AM processes
Figure 67. Steel wire products qualified for AM processes
Figure 68. Titanium wire products qualified for AM processes
Figure 69. Aluminum wire products qualified for AM processes
Figure 70. Copper alloy wire products qualified for AM processes
Figure 71. Bound metal filament materials and products qualified for bound metal filament material extrusion
Figure 72. Bound metal paste materials and products qualified for bound metal paste material extrusion
Figure 73. Bound metal slurry materials and products qualified for bound metal VPP
Figure 74. Bound metal slurry materials and products qualified for bound metal SLS
Analysis
Figure 75. Polymer and metal AM material volume in automotive by material form 2023 vs 2024
Figure 76. Polymer and metal AM material revenue (USD M) in automotive by material form 2023 vs 2024
Figure 77. Polymer AM material volume in automotive by material form 2023 vs 2024
Figure 78. Metal AM material volume in automotive by material form 2023 vs 2024
Figure 79. Polymer AM material revenue (USD M) in automotive by material form 2023 vs 2024
Figure 80. Metal AM material revenue (USD M) in automotive by material form 2023 vs 2024
Forecasts
Figure 81. Polymer and metal AM material volume in automotive by material form 2024–2034
Figure 82. Polymer and metal AM material revenue (USD M) in automotive by material form 2024–2034
Figure 83. Polymer AM material volume in automotive by material form 2024–2034
Figure 84. Metal AM material volume in automotive by material form 2024–2034
Figure 85. Polymer AM material revenue (USD M) in automotive by material form 2024–2034
Figure 86. Metal AM material revenue (USD M) in automotive by material form 2024–2034
Chapter 4. Services
Analysis
Figure 87. Polymer and metal AM service part volume in automotive by technology, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 88. Polymer and metal AM service revenue (USD M) in automotive by technology, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 89. Polymer AM service part volume in automotive by technology, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 90. Metal AM service part volume in automotive by technology, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 91. Polymer AM service revenue (USD M) in automotive by technology, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 92. Metal AM service revenue (USD M) in automotive by technology, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 93. Polymer AM service part volume in automotive by part type, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 94. Metal AM service part volume in automotive by part type, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 95. Polymer AM service revenue (USD M) in automotive by part type, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 96. Metal AM service revenue (USD M) in automotive by part type, 2023 vs 2024
Forecasts
Figure 97. Polymer and metal AM service part volume in automotive by technology, 2024–2034
Figure 98. Polymer and metal AM service revenue (USD M) in automotive by technology, 2024–2034
Figure 99. Polymer AM service part volume in automotive by technology, 2024–2034
Figure 100. Metal AM service part volume in automotive by technology, 2024–2034
Figure 101. Polymer AM service revenue (USD M) in automotive by technology, 2024–2034
Figure 102. Metal AM service revenue (USD M) in automotive by technology, 2024–2034
Figure 103. Polymer AM service part volume (thousands) in automotive by part type, 2024–2034
Figure 104. Metal AM service part volume (thousands) in automotive by part type, 2024–2034
Figure 105. Polymer AM service revenue (USD M) in automotive by part type, 2024–2034
Figure 106. Metal AM service revenue (USD M) in automotive by part type, 2024–2034
Chapter 5. Adopters
Analysis
Figure 107. Polymer AM adopter part volume in automotive by material form, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 108. Metal AM adopter part volume in automotive by material form, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 109. Polymer AM adopter part volume in automotive by part type, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 110. Metal AM adopter part volume in automotive by part type, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 111. Polymer AM adopter revenue (USD M) in automotive by material form, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 112. Metal AM adopter revenue (USD M) in automotive by material form, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 113. Polymer AM adopter revenue (USD M) in automotive by part type, 2023 vs 2024
Figure 114. Metal AM adopter revenue (USD M) in automotive by part type, 2023 vs 2024
Forecasts
Figure 115. Polymer AM adopter part volume in automotive by material form, 2024–2034
Figure 116. Metal AM adopter part volume in automotive by material form, 2024–2034
Figure 117. Polymer AM adopter part volume in automotive by part type, 2024–2034
Figure 118. Metal AM adopter part volume in automotive by part type, 2024–2034
Figure 119. Polymer AM adopter revenue (USD M) in automotive by material form, 2024–2034
Figure 120. Metal AM adopter revenue (USD M) in automotive by material form, 2024–2034
Figure 121. Polymer AM adopter revenue (USD M) in automotive by part type, 2024–2034
Figure 122. Metal AM adopter revenue (USD M) in automotive by part type, 2024–2034